Discovery = News >=20 Animal News > = Hammerhead Sharks Have Stereo Vision

Hammerhead Sharks Have Stereo Vision

The unique head structures of these creatures allow them to see = 360=20 degrees.

By Robert = Lamb |=20 Fri Dec 4, 2009 06:20 PM ET

=20

Shaped by evolution to allow for exceptional = depth=20 perception, the hammerhead's exceptional vision comes in handy during = high-speed=20 underwater pursuits.
Getty=20 Images

Ever since hamme= rhead=20 sharks were first observed over 200 years ago, their distinctive = heads have=20 been scrutinized, leading to widespread speculation about their = function.

Now, a study published in the Journal of Experimental = Biology claims=20 to have proven one of those theories: The hammer shape gives the sharks=20 astounding eyesight.

WATCH=20 VIDEO: Shark populations are declining worldwide. Kasey-Dee Gardner = dives in for=20 the answer.

Different hypotheses painted the shark's unusual lateral head = extensions, or=20 cephalofoils, as everything from fins for improved steering to antennae = for=20 increased elect= roreception,=20 a trait that allows hammerheads to detect minute electrical currents = generated=20 by twitching fish muscles.

Other theories surrounding the cephalofoils involved the shark's = vision,=20 sense of smell and even its ability to properly bite into preferred = prey.

Definite answers were hard to come by, but all that changed in 2008, = thanks=20 to a U.S. National Science Foundation collaborative grant aimed at = finally=20 solving the puzzle.

"No one has systematically attacked every one of these hypotheses = regarding=20 hammerhead morphology before," Dr. Philip J. Motta told Discovery News. = "And=20 that's what this project is doing."

Motta's University of Southern Florida research team has largely = ruled out=20 the hypothesis that head shape relates to feeding, leaving a few = theories still=20 on the table.

Enter the team of D. Michelle McComb, Timothy C. Tricas and Stephen = Kajiura.=20 The Florida Atlantic University and Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology = joint=20 study set out to discover just how the hammerhead's uniquely placed eyes = affect=20 visual perception.

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The hammerlike structure extends the shark's eyes away from its body, = leading=20 scientists to wonder whether each eye's field of vision overlapped with = the=20 other.

Did they benefit from binocular vision, or did each eye provide its = own,=20 separate monocular scan of a given area?

"Initially I believed that the hammerheads would lack the capacity = for=20 binocular vision just, because the eyes point straight out to the side," = McComb=20 told Discovery News. "It turns out that the eye position was the key. = Nearly=20 every hammerhead shark species has eyes that are canted slightly = forward, which=20 affords them the large binocular overlaps and enhanced stereo = vision."

The result is a head shaped by evolution to allow for exceptional = depth=20 perception, an attribute that comes in handy during high-speed = underwater=20 pursuits.

McComb and colleagues collected scalloped hammerheads, bonnetheads = and=20 blacknose sharks, a sampling of the diversity among hammerheads in the = family=20 Sphyrnidae.

Back in the lab, they tested the different sharks' eyes with sweeping = arcs of=20 light, recording each eye's electrical activity to measure its visual = field.=20

All of the sharks exhibited 360-degree vertical visual fields, = allowing them=20 to scan both lower and lesser depths at any given moment.

Even more impressive, the research team found that the bonnethead and = scalloped hammerheads also have excellent rearview binocular vision -- a = particularly good skill for smaller sharks that haven't worked their way = to the=20 top of the food chain.

The study may clarify questions surrounding the shark's evolution, = but it=20 hardly devalues the other theorized benefits of the cephalofoils, all of = which=20 could prove valid.

"It has been demonstrated that hammerheads likely have enhanced=20 electrosensory capabilities," McComb said. "Not so much in greater = sensitivity=20 but rather due to a larger surface area of electrosensors, which allow=20 hammerheads to sweep a larger area in the same time that a normal = pointed-nosed=20 shark could."

Meanwhile, researchers continue to gauge the possibility that = hammerhead=20 sharks benefit from a heightened sense of smell due to wider nostril = spacing and=20 improved hydrodynamic lift and steering.

"I think with (McComb, Tricas and Kajiura's study) we're getting = closer to=20 figuring out the reason for the head morphology," Motta said. "My gut = theory is=20 that it's sensory."

Robert Lamb is a writer for HowStuffWorks.com.

Comments=20 | Post=20 a Comment

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The attack on the 38-year-old man was the 14th = deadly=20 shark attack in Florida since 1896.

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