FAU researchers find T-shaped head gives = hammerhead=20 sharks better vision
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shark=20
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By Staci=20
Sturrock
Palm Beach Post Staff Writer
Updated: 9:48 a.m. Thursday, Feb. 4, 2010
Posted: 12:54 p.m. Sunday, Dec. 6, 2009
BOCA RATON =E2=80=94 Consider the = hammerhead shark: With=20 eyes at opposite ends of its T-shaped noggin, just how well can the = hammerhead=20 see?
Better than its pointy-snouted brethren, according to a new study by = two=20 Florida Atlantic University researchers and a scientist at the = University of=20 Hawaii.
The hammerheads' wide-set eyes not only give them better binocular = vision and=20 depth perception than pointy-nosed sharks, but the movements of their = eyes and=20 heads as they swim provide them with a 360-degree view of their=20 surroundings.
"We have shown that vision has played a role in the evolution of this = weird=20 head shape," says study leader Michelle McComb, who recently earned her=20 doctorate in integrative biology at FAU.
Detailed in a recent issue of the Journal of Experimental Biology, = the study=20 has received coverage from the BBC, British newspapers and National = Geographic=20 and Discover magazines online.
"If you ask what a hammerhead shark sees, everyone has an opinion," = says=20 researcher Stephen Kajiura, an assistant biology professor at FAU. "This = is one=20 of those questions that the general public can really understand and get = a grip=20 on."
Getting a grip on a hammerhead shark, however, is a bit trickier. =
The process of testing the sharks' vision went something like this: = Catch=20 juvenile shark in the wild, transport to nearby lab. Place shark in = small tank,=20 sprinkle anesthetizing agent in water. Wait for shark to fall asleep, = strap=20 shark down. Attach electrodes to shark's cornea, pass a weak light in = front of=20 his eye in horizontal and vertical arcs.
"If the light was out of the shark's field of view, we would get = nothing from=20 the electrode," says Kujiura. "If the electrode recorded something, we = knew the=20 shark could see the light."
The team repeated the process on both of the shark's eyes from a = variety of=20 angles, providing a map of the shark's overall field of vision.
Once the test was complete, the scientists replaced the anesthesia = water with=20 seawater, which revived the shark. The shark then received snacks of = squid and=20 fish, and was eventually released.
Over two years, the team tested 30 sharks, including scalloped = hammerheads=20 caught in Hawaii, and bonnetheads caught in the Florida Keys and near = Sarasota.=20 For comparison's sake, they also tested non-hammerheads such as lemon = sharks and=20 blacknose sharks.
When hammerheads are scavenging in blue, open water with no frame of=20 reference, McComb says, their superior vision "helps them cue in on very = elusive=20 and fast-moving prey."
~ staci_sturrock@pbpost.com
It's Hammerhead time!
Average life span in the wild: 20 to 30 years
Size: 13 to 20 feet
Weight: 500 to 1,000 pounds
Habitat: Temperate and tropical waters around the world, both far = offshore=20 and near shorelines.
Favorite meal: Stingrays, which the sharks pin against the sea floor = by using=20 their extra-wide heads.
Population: Of the eight species of hammerheads, two are considered=20 endangered, two are "near threatened" and two are vulnerable. Their = declining=20 numbers are due, in large part, to the popularity of shark fin soup in = Asia.=20
Source: National Geographic, International Union for Conservation of = Nature=20 and Natural Resources
Sort by:OLDEST =
FIRST|NEWEST=20
FIRST
And how much time and money =
was wasted=20
on this 'study' that shows what was already common knowledge?
We'd like your=20
thoughts on this story. I appreciate your willingness to share them. At=20
PalmBeachPost.com, we want to avoid comments that are obscene, hateful, =
racist=20
or otherwise inappropriate. If you post offensive comments, we will =
delete them=20
as soon as we can. If you see such comments, please report them to=20
us.
Tim Burke, Executive Editor, The Palm Beach Post
Tim Burke, Executive Editor, The Palm Beach Post
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t=3Da.extend({},b.defaults,c),s=3Dt.event,i=3Dt.step,r=3Dt.lazy,e=3Dt.tar=
get?this:document,u=3Da(t.target||this,e),p=3Du[0],m=3Dt.items,h=3Dt.star=
t,g=3Dt.interval,k=3Dt.navigation,l;if(!r){m=3Dd()}if(t.force){f({},h)}a(=
t.prev||[],e).bind(s,-i,q);a(t.next||[],e).bind(s,i,q);if(!p.ssbound){u.b=
ind("prev.serialScroll",-i,q).bind("next.serialScroll",i,q).bind("goto.se=
rialScroll",f)}if(g){u.bind("start.serialScroll",function(v){if(!g){o();g=
=3D!0;n()}}).bind("stop.serialScroll",function(){o();g=3D!1})}u.bind("not=
ify.serialScroll",function(x,w){var =
v=3Dj(w);if(v>-1){h=3Dv}});p.ssbound=3D!0;if(t.jump){(r?u:d()).bind(s,fun=
ction(v){f(v,j(v.target))})}if(k){k=3Da(k,e).bind(s,function(v){v.data=3D=
Math.round(d().length/k.length)*k.index(this);f(v,this)})}function =
q(v){v.data+=3Dh;f(v,this)}function =
f(B,z){if(!isNaN(z)){B.data=3Dz;z=3Dp}var =
C=3DB.data,v,D=3DB.type,A=3Dt.exclude?d().slice(0,-t.exclude):d(),y=3DA.l=
ength,w=3DA[C],x=3Dt.duration;if(D){B.preventDefault()}if(g){o();l=3DsetT=
imeout(n,t.interval)}if(!w){v=3DC<0?0:y-1;if(h!=3Dv){C=3Dv}else{if(!t.cyc=
le){return}else{C=3Dy-v-1}}w=3DA[C]}if(!w||t.lock&&u.is(":animated")||D&&=
t.onBefore&&t.onBefore(B,w,u,d(),C)=3D=3D=3D!1){return}if(t.stop){u.queue=
("fx",[]).stop()}if(t.constant){x=3DMath.abs(x/i*(h-C))}u.scrollTo(w,x,t)=
.trigger("notify.serialScroll",[C])}function =
n(){u.trigger("next.serialScroll")}function o(){clearTimeout(l)}function =
d(){return a(m,p)}function j(w){if(!isNaN(w)){return w}var =
x=3Dd(),v;while((v=3Dx.index(w))=3D=3D-1&&w!=3Dp){w=3Dw.parentNode}return=
v}})}})(jQuery);=0A=
=0A=
// rotating tease base=0A=
jQuery(document).ready(function($){$('.cxRotatingTease').each(function(){=
var $panels=3DjQuery('.scrollContainer > div',$(this));var =
$container=3D$('.scrollContainer',$(this));$container.css('width',$panels=
[0].offsetWidth*$panels.length);$('.scroll',$(this)).before('').after('');$(this).is('.auto')?intval=3D1000*parseInt(jQue=
ry(this).attr('speed')):intval=3D0;var =
$prev=3D$('.left',$(this)).css('opacity','0.3'),$next=3D$('.right',$(this=
));$(this).serialScroll({target:'.scroll',items:'.panel',prev:'.left',nex=
t:'.right',cycle:true,force:true,interval:intval,duration:400,onBefore:fu=
nction(e,elem,$pane,$items,pos){$prev.add($next).css('opacity','1');if(po=
s=3D=3D0)=0A=
$prev.css('opacity','0.3');else if(pos=3D=3D$items.length-1)=0A=
$next.css('opacity','0.3');}});});});=0A=
=0A=
function =
popupWin(popUrl,popwinWidth,popwinHeight,status,location,menubar,toolbar,=
resizable,scrollbars) {=0A=
var iMyWidth;=0A=
var iMyHeight;=0A=
if (popwinWidth =3D=3D "") {var popwinWidth =3D 740;};=0A=
if (popwinHeight =3D=3D "") {var popwinHeight =3D 500;};=0A=
if (status =3D=3D "") {var status =3D "1";};=0A=
if (location =3D=3D "") {var location =3D "1";};=0A=
if (menubar =3D=3D "") {var menubar =3D "0";};=0A=
if (toolbar =3D=3D "") {var toolbar =3D "0";};=0A=
if (resizable =3D=3D "") {var resizable =3D "1";};=0A=
if (scrollbars =3D=3D "") {var scrollbars =3D "0";};=0A=
=0A=
if (status =3D=3D "true") {var status =3D "1";}; if (status =3D=3D =
"false") {var status =3D "0";};=0A=
if (location =3D=3D "true") {var location =3D "1";}; if (location =
=3D=3D "false") {var location =3D "0";};=0A=
if (menubar =3D=3D "true") {var menubar =3D "1";}; if (menubar =3D=3D =
"false") {var menubar =3D "0";};=0A=
if (toolbar =3D=3D "true") {var toolbar =3D "1";}; if (toolbar =3D=3D =
"false") {var toolbar =3D "0";};=0A=
if (resizable =3D=3D "true") {var resizable =3D "1";}; if (resizable =
=3D=3D "false") {var resizable =3D "0";};=0A=
if (scrollbars =3D=3D "true") {var scrollbars =3D "1";}; if (scrollbars =
=3D=3D "false") {var scrollbars =3D "0";};=0A=
=0A=
var randomnumber=3DMath.floor(Math.random()*11);=0A=
=0A=
//half the screen width minus half the new window width (plus 5 pixel =
borders).=0A=
iMyWidth =3D (window.screen.width/2) - (popwinWidth/2 + 10);=0A=
//half the screen height minus half the new window height (plus title =
and status bars).=0A=
iMyHeight =3D (window.screen.height/2) - (popwinHeight/2 + 50);=0A=
//Open the window.=0A=
var win2 =3D =
window.open(popUrl,"Window"+randomnumber,"status=3D"+status+",width=3D" =
+ popwinWidth + ",height=3D" + popwinHeight + =0A=
",resizable=3D"+resizable+",left=3D" + iMyWidth + ",top=3D" + =
iMyHeight + ",screenX=3D" + iMyWidth + ",screenY=3D" =0A=
+ iMyHeight + =
",toolbar=3D"+toolbar+",menubar=3D"+menubar+",scrollbars=3D"+scrollbars+"=
,location=3D"+location+",directories=3Dno");=0A=
win2.focus();=0A=
}=0A=
=0A=
=0A=
------=_NextPart_000_030A_01CAA9CC.DF82BC30
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Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Location: http://www.palmbeachpost.com/js/article/highslide.js
/************************************************************************=
******
Name: Highslide JS
Version: 3.3.6 (January 6 2008)
Config: default +positioning +events +unobtrusive +transitions +inline =
+ajax +iframe +flash +packed
Author: Torstein H=C3=B8nsi
Support: http://vikjavev.no/highslide/forum
Licence:
Highslide JS is licensed under a Creative Commons =
Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/).
You are free:
* to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work
* to make derivative works
Under the following conditions:
* Attribution. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by =
the
author or licensor.
* Noncommercial. You may not use this work for commercial purposes.
* For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the =
license
terms of this work.
* Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission =
from the=20
copyright holder.
Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above.
*************************************************************************=
*****/
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